Mutual fund
Mutual fund is like a team of investors pooling their money together to buy a variety of investments like stocks and bonds. A professional fund manager manages this money, aiming to increase its value, and the profits are then shared among all the investors.
Mutual fund are managed by different types of agencies called AMC (Assest Management Company) which offers different kinds of products /Categories. Performance of AMC product wise is made pubic which is also one of important criteria in selection of a fund in any category. Any category of product is managed by Qualified Fund Manager who are responsible for making investments.
Types of Mutual Funds :-
Mutual funds can be broadly classified into four main types: -Equity Funds
1. Equity Funds
2. Debt Funds
3. Hybrid Funds
4. Money Market Funds
These categories are based on the type of assets they invest in and their risk-reward profiles.
1. Equity Funds:
These funds invest primarily in stocks (equities), aiming for long-term capital growth, but also carrying higher risk.
Sub-categories: Large-cap, mid-cap, small-cap, multi-cap, sectoral/thematic, value, growth, and ELSS (Equity Linked Savings Schemes).
2. Debt Funds:
These funds invest in debt instruments like bonds and government securities, offering lower risk and a more stable income stream compared to equity funds.
Sub-categories: Liquid funds, corporate bond funds, credit risk funds, and dynamic bond funds.
3. Hybrid Funds:
These funds allocate their investments across both stocks and bonds (or other debt instruments), offering a balance between growth and stability, suitable for investors with moderate risk tolerance.
Sub-categories: Aggressive hybrid, balanced hybrid, conservative hybrid.
4. Money Market Funds:
These funds invest in short-term, high-liquidity instruments like treasury bills and certificates of deposit, providing a very low-risk investment option.
How to choose a Mutual Fund
Whether you’re a first time investor or an experienced one, mutual funds are often considered by experts to be an investor’s best friend due to their many advantages. But with so many different options available today, how do you make the right choices for your portfolio?
Let us look at some of the key factors you should keep in mind while selecting funds:
1. Investment Objective and Style
The investment objective of a scheme is what the scheme intends to achieve through its investments. For instance, an equity diversified fund may have the objective of investing in growth stocks to achieve capital appreciation; a sector fund will have the objective to invest in companies in the chosen sector to achieve capital growth and earn dividends. When you consider the investment objective, you will need to consider whether or not it matches your financial goals and requirements. This should also incorporate the timing of your financial goals and other elements such as your risk profile (your ability to take risks and your tolerance towards risk).
To make it easier to understand, consider a mismatch: Rakesh is retiring and needs to secure his income; he invests in a sector fund with high volatility because in the last 2 years, the fund has outperformed the relevant sectoral index. Imagine that at the time when Rakesh needed the income from the fund, there was a reversal in the fortunes of that sector and the fund value fell. Rakesh’s income will dwindle. He may also lose some of the capital that he invested at the outset. Considering Rakesh’s life stage and risk profile, he would have been better off investing in a low-risk income fund. Was the product the problem or was the choice of product in the given circumstance the issue? You also need to consider your risk profile to identify how best to build your mutual fund portfolio according to investment styles. For example, you may choose to do this according to market capitalization (small & micro-cap/ mid cap/ large cap) or according to fund management style (seeking growth, discovering value, a blended approach etc). All of this information is readily available on the asset management companies’ websites and in the Scheme Information Documents.
2. Role of the fund
Different mutual fund products have different roles to play, just like the characters on a chess board, or the members of a cricket team. Some are meant to be aggressive, some are meant to be balanced and some are meant to be conservative. Identifying what role a product needs to play will keep your portfolio clean and well balanced. Think of teamwork every time you consider your portfolio and then think of the reason why a particular fund is there in your portfolio. If you cannot remember the reason why you bought a fund in the first place, or you cannot understand why you’re adding a new fund to your portfolio, it could be an indication of the need for you to rethink your decision.
3. Your time horizon and risk profile
The next factor to consider is the time horizon of your financial goal. In general, the closer the goal is, the lower the risk you should seek to take, especially if you are close to achieving the goal. For instance, taking the above example forward, since Rakesh has reached retirement, he should invest in a low-risk income fund. However, if Rakesh was in his 20’s or 30’s, he could have invested in a high-risk equity fund to build wealth for his retirement. Had Rakesh been in his 40’s, he would do well to invest in a mix of equity and hybrid funds (which invest a part of its corpus in equity and the balance in debt).
4. Performance / track record
You should consider the following points while analyzing the performance of a fund:-
1. Consistency: The fund should have performed consistently in the past vis-à-vis its benchmark index and the category average (the average returns of all schemes within that category). The past in this case is not only the last 6 months, it should include 1 year, 3 years, 5 years as well as since inception comparisons
2. Outperformance: A fund that consistently outperforms its peers and its designated benchmark over the short and long term is generally considered to be well-run and most likely to bring you positive returns. However, as the famous saying goes, there is no guarantee of this.
3. Volatility, or variation in performance: The volatility in returns of the fund should be in sync with its objectives; for instance, if the fund is a high-risk-high potential return fund, then volatility is a given; however, if it is a low-risk fund, the returns should not be volatile. This can be checked with the help of risk ratios published in the fund factsheets.
4. Fund Manager: Assess the fund manager’s track record – both in terms of his experience & reputation and the past performance of the other funds under his management. In general, a fund manager’s skills are visible across the entire range of funds he manages.
5. Size of the fund: Small is not, in general, beautiful in the mutual funds’ world. While the largest fund may not necessarily have the best performance or strategy to match your goals, an optimal size would ensure your ability to cash in your investment when you need it, and for the fund manager to be able to execute his or her investment strategy. However, it is true that higher the assets under management, higher the number of investors that trust the fund manager in question.
5. Fund expenses:-
Expenses differ in different Mutal fund but main criteria should not be a expense but the return.
Then too some investor take it as a important except.
All funds incur expenses to manage the fund (fund management fees, administration charges, brokerage, marketing and sales expenses, commissions, etc.). All of these expenses are chargeable to the fund’s investors as a percentage of assets under management, and are described as the “total expense ratio” or TER of a fund. The lower the TER, the better the potential return on your investment.
6. Tax impact:-
Different type of schemes of mutual funds are taxed differently. The mutual funds schemes are predominantly divided into 2 broad categories for the purpose of taxation. Some are for saving tax but low returns and other Mutal funds have high taxation with high return and risk.
Your mutual advisor advises you regarding this before making investment.